Strategic Planning †Ibm 2009 Free Essays

string(50) yield and the lower its cost structure will be. CASE ANALYSIS: IBM IN 2009 Analysis Industry: Computer Services Industry Porter’s 5 Forces 1) Risk of passage by potential contenders The danger of section by potential contenders is generally low (+). This is expected to the recently participant contenders that need an enormous market capitalization, programming materials, benefits and counseling; to pick up consumer’s premiums. On the off chance that buyers can pick purchasing their items from a huge organization that are sufficient in the PC equipment, benefits and counseling, other innovative administrations, they would prefer to pick a huge firm than a littler firm that don't have satisfactory assets. We will compose a custom paper test on Key Planning †Ibm 2009 or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now ) The power of contention among set up organizations inside an industry The force of competition among built up organizations inside this industry is moderately high (- ). This is on the grounds that there are enormous firms, for example, Oracle that are neck in neck with other huge firms, for example, IBM, attempting to procure each product there is that causes them increase an upper hand. 3) The bartering intensity of purchasers The dealing intensity of purchasers is generally low (+). This is on the grounds that in this industry that is providing a specific item or administration isn't made out of numerous little organizations and the purchasers are huge and very few. Additionally, purchasers can't buy in amount, on the grounds that a large number of the organizations in this industry offer administrations and counseling, and programming that purchasers use. 4) The bartering intensity of providers The dealing intensity of providers is moderately high (- ). This is on the grounds that the item that providers sell has scarcely any substitutes, and the productivity of providers isn't altogether influenced by the acquisition of organizations in this industry. Likewise, exchanging costs are incredible as buyers should move from their unique item to another provider. 5) The closeness of Substitutes to an industry’s item The closeness of substitutes to an industry’s item is generally low (+). There are not really any substitutes concerning numerous purchasers, the significance of the market for innovation items and a wellspring of cutting edge laborers for serving these kinds of programming when shoppers need assistance. The less innovative propelled items can't fulfill comparative client needs. Powers †Conclusion: This industry is a 3 star industry. What IBM ought to do is: * IBM should utilize their upper hand to outperform their rivals, and be the restraining infrastructure in the business, rather than being in an opposition neck-in neck with other driving contenders * Since the item that providers sells has hardly any substitutes, and the bartering power is very high, IBM ought to get the providing organizations, to de crease their costs some more, and for providers not to have the haggling power that they have presently. Life Cycle: Growth stage * E. G. In this industry, it is developing since buyers are turning out to be increasingly more acquainted with the now innovation propelled items when innovation on the planet is progressing quickly. Additionally, the greater part of the huge firms as a rule have power over mechanical information as a boundary to passage which decreases a large portion of the littler firms, which reduces the opportunity of another participant. The Value Chain IT Provides ease conventional IT administrations or worth making, altering expert arrangements rely upon it having the unmistakable abilities to create cutting edge programming applications across business procedures and ventures * Recent advances have expanded the intensity of business knowledge programming to recognize progressing changes and estimates numerous occasions in the wake of obtaining Cognos (programming) * Another headway was that the IT office thought of another activity to make it simpler for topographic ally scattered individuals to associate and team up without the time and cost of face to face gatherings. They were utilizing virtual innovation which others inside and between organizations to trade texts, talk verbally, share constant introductions, and virtual gatherings Hardware * The frameworks and innovation bunch put its assets into growing new sorts of centralized computers and servers that would engage a more extensive number of client gatherings and extend worldwide deals. This will give them more force and adaptability for the IT item they purchase from IBM * Currently IBM sells its centralized servers legitimately to clients through its own business power to ensure rewarding programming and administration incomes that go with these deals. By doing that, IBM’s centralized computer introduced base had multiplied in light of the fact that IBM’s capacity to convey expanding measures of handling capacity to clients at a diminishing expense * Such as independent server would dispense with the requirement for costly IT counseling and administration; it would offer organizations with a minimal effort option and organizations could just request the same number of Cisco’s (one of the obtained programming) server racks varying to work or grow their business Competitive Advantage Unmistakable Competencies: are firm explicit qualities that permit an organization to separate its items from those offered by rivals or potentially accomplish significantly lower costs than its adversaries. IBM’s unmistakable capabilities is getting the various servers and programming to enable the organization to increase an upper hand as the organization coordinated numerous mechanical propelled items that outperforms different firms in the business Intangible Resources: are nonphysical substances that are made by supervisors and different representatives, for example, brand names, the notoriety of the organization, the information that workers have increased through understanding, and the licensed innovation of the organization, including that ensured through licenses, copyrights, and trademarks. The elusive source here is the brand name and notoriety that IBM had constructed every one of these years, prompting one of the top organizations in the PC administration business . Abilities: allude to a company’s aptitudes at organizing its assets and putting them to beneficial use. * IBM’s abilities at planning its assets and putting them to great and profitable use by the drive to center the endeavors of all IBM workers on fulfilling the necessities of customers was one of the capacities that made IBM have this upper hand Functional-Level Strategies EFFICIENCY * The least complex proportion of productivity is the amount of information sources that it takes to create a given yield; the more effective an organization is, the less the data sources required to deliver a given yield and the lower its cost structure will be. You read Key Planning †Ibm 2009 in classification Papers * E. G. In 2007, IBM burned through $11. 8 billion to gain 36 programming and 18 help organizations in the fields, for example, security, information the board, and Web business * QUALITY * The CEO’s system was to concentrate on high-net revenue items that st raightforwardly supplemented its administration and programming contributions. IBM had auctions off its PC business to Lenovo; its circle drive business to Hitachi, and its printer business to Ricoh. By doing this, IBM can concentrate on high-net revenue items and dump the bombing items in the organization that are auctions off to different organizations * INNOVATION * By staying aware of the innovation progressions, IBM had declared another â€Å"virtual world† IT activity to make it simpler for topographical scattered individuals to interface and work together without the time and cost of face to face gatherings. These virtual universes are intuitive, vivid Web destinations dependent on the utilization of three-dimensional illustrations. This permits individuals to trade texts, visit verbally, share continuous introductions and thoughts in private, virtual gathering spaces that exist forever progressively so individuals can meet on normal, intermittent, or off the cuff bases. * CUSTOMER RESPONSIVENESS * At this stage, the deals of its new centralized computers of IBM were up by 25%; programming income rose 5%, helped by expanding deals of its famous WebSphere programming bundle that improves the exhibition of a company’s electronic trade and business applications Building Competitive Advantage Through Business-Level Strategy Competitive Positioning High Market Segmentation * What IBM is doing is high market division where they could decide to perceive the contrasts between client gatherings and make an item focused toward most or the entirety of the diverse market fragments. The client responsiveness and high and items are being tweaked to address the issues of clients in each gathering. * E. G. IBM had moved its items to higher net revenue benefits and computerizing conventional business procedures, for example, acquirement, account and HR which was prompting expanding quantities of long haul administration contracts between huge firms. Differentiators * Clearly, IBM is a differentiator. This is because of how IBM had the option to procure distinctive programming from organizations which at that point had the option to offer customers high overall revenue programming application to fulfill their requirements. IBM had the option to separate their items from the main rivals and fulfill shoppers that different contenders unmistakably couldn't Business-Level Strategy and the Industry Environment Main systems that organizations can receive to manage decrease: * Leadership technique The speed of decay and the force of rivalry in the declining business are moderate. Through forceful acquisitions, IBM had the option to get a lot of programming to make high overall revenue items to fulfill clien t needs and to likewise furnish customers with their best help and counseling. The open gauges approach that Gerstner’s approach was that as IBM’s advisors went from customer to customer evaluating their requirements; they had the option to give point by point criticism to IBM’s different divisions about whether their item

What Money Can Buy in a Writing Test?

What Money Can Buy in a Writing Test?What money can buy in a writing test can be a very difficult question to answer. But if you have to find the answer to that question, then it is probably better that you start looking for your answer now. You must realize that this question has been asked a million times before. And for some people, they are still looking for the solution.If you want to get the correct answer, you can think of something that can make you feel good about yourself. You can also think of something that will give you a feeling of satisfaction. Most likely, the money you can buy essay question will not be much different from what you expect to spend. So, what you have to do is to create a short story about your answer and hope that it will come to you.After having this realization, it is best that you begin to write the story. Of course, you do not have to be an expert when it comes to writing. As long as you can write a good story, you will be able to write the essay well.When you are done with the story, you should make sure that you can write the essay based on the story. For example, if you can write your essay about your dream, you can apply this to the essay that you have prepared for a grammar test. By doing this, you will be able to cover all the topics that you have included in your essay.What money can buy in a writing test should be more about relationships than money. The relationship between the writer and the reader should be very important in your essay. It is also important that you choose the right topic and the right format for the essay. By doing this, you will be able to create the perfect story about your answer.The story that you have written about your answer will make it easier for you to understand the point that you want to make in your essay. This will also make the essay more interesting. In addition, you will be able to discuss the topic properly and without any problems.So, if you want to write a good essay, you shou ld remember that the good relationships between the writer and the reader is very important. By being able to express the right relationship between the writer and the reader, you will be able to make the readers enjoy your essay. The story that you can write is much more important than the amount of money that you can buy in a writing test.What money can buy in a writing test should be about the story, not about the answer. If you want to make the topic interesting, you should try to learn how to write a good story.

5 Essential Ways To Improve B2B Customer Retention

5 Essential Ways To Improve B2B Customer Retention Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!5 Essential Ways To Improve B2B Customer RetentionUpdated On 27/02/2016Author : Eva DaviesTopic : BusinessShort URL : http://hbb.me/1TFF2Tk CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogBusiness customers are few in number so one should do their best to hold on to them. Each and every one of them is so valuable that you cannot afford to lose them. The best way hand on to them is to keep them active. This means that you keep in touch with them regularly, giving them service updates and regular checks in order to find out whether your previous dealings with them are proving good for them or not and what could be done to improve.How To Improve B2B Customer Retention?There are several ways to improve your customer retention. A lot of different marketing strategies have come up, but they all are not effective. The top five ways to improve business retention are given below.STARTED A NEW BUSINESS/COMPANY? WAITING FOR YOUR CUSTOMERS? READ THIS:4 Basic (And Best) Ways to Attract and Keep Customers (That You Must Know)1. Meeting Customer ExpectationsThis is the most important factor in improving your customer retention. You should meet all the promises you made when you sealed the deal with the client. This will create trust between you and your customer and will make it simpler for you to get more orders from this particular client. He/she if satisfied with your work could recommend you to their colleagues and other business industries.Your products should meet the demand in the market, like the quality of the product, the features, and the services that come with them should be included in the package.2. Customer Service SatisfactionCustomer service and satisfaction are a clearly worthy objective when you talk about customer retention. Again this is a trust building exercise but can turn out to be a very difficult one. If your customer is a bitter person he/she wil l make your life a living hell and you will have to cope with them no matter what the situation is. Studies show that efficient customer services do pay off in the long term and help in customer retention. Customers who faced problems which were resolved efficiently are more likely to come back to you than those who never faced a problem at all.READVideo Marketing Tips for More Conversions3. Loyalty ProgramsLoyalty programs often include special discounts or extra perks, along with special services and privileges. Some companies offer travel rewards based on the volume of purchases. These rewards are highly appreciated by employees, making this strategy a highly effective and desirable one. As many businesses forbid their employees to accept more than a token amount of value, these services are much appreciated by them. The more they purchase, the higher the rewards they get.4. NewslettersNewsletters help keep organizations aware and up to the date on your products and services. Thi s helps them become aware of your competitive marketing strategies and how you are better than your competitors. It also tells them what special offers and discounts you are offering and to what extent they can benefit from them.5. Unique Selling PropositionBe creative when marketing yourself; a unique selling proposition (USP) might be the boost you wanted. A unique selling proposition not only helps strengthen your existing customer relationships but also attracts new ones. This makes your client realize that you are worth continuing services with.GOOD CUSTOMERS = GOOD BUSINESS. BUT, ARE YOU SURE THEY ARE HAPPY?4 Main (And Valid) Reasons Your Customer Service Program Is FailingDo you have any experience running a B2B company/startup? Let us know your views in the comments below.

Direct Assessment Of Behavior By Adam - 892 Words

Direct Assessment of Behavior Adam was observed during his 5th-period algebra class on four different occasions. On October 22nd and October 26th, he was observed for 90 minutes. October 28th, Adam was also supposed to be observed for the entire 90-minute class, but the observation was cut short after he was sent to the office due to his behavior. The final observation was conducted on October 30th, for 75 minutes. Notes were taken detailing the classroom routine and Adam s behavior (See Appendix B). The direct observations confirmed many of the behaviors described in the indirect assessment. At different points, Adam was out of his seat, left the classroom, refused to do his work, and used his phone at inappropriate times, but as noted by Mr. Brown in the indirect assessment, it was Adam s verbal call outs that dominated the classroom climate during main group instruction. Even with the shortened days, Adam averaged almost 11 verbal call outs during the 40-50 minute main lessons. The indirect assessment gave the impression that the verbal call outs dissipated during the independent practice routine, giving way to more insubordinate behavior like a refusal to complete work. However, during the direct assessment, the verbal call outs spanned multiple routines, with Adam averaging 6 verbal call outs during independent practice. This pattern of verbal call outs was formatted in ABC sequences to help decipher the antecedents and consequences (See Appendix C). ForShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )803 Words   |  4 PagesStudent Description Adam, a white 16-year-old 10th grader, was the focus of the indirect and direct assessments. Adam receives special education services for other health impairments (OHI), specifically Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Adam’s teacher, Mr. B, and Adam both mentioned during the indirect and direct observations that he does not always take his medication for his ADHD. Like many of his peers, Adam seems to enjoy the social aspects of school. Any opportunity to talkRead MoreThe For Reality Therapy, The Environment Needs For A Good Rapport With The Client1228 Words   |  5 Pagesirresponsible behavior. The therapist might begin the therapeutic process by guiding a person s attention away from past behaviors in order to focus on those that occur in the present. It is important to avoid punishing, criticizing, or protecting from reasonable consequences. Also the counselor should direct the client from being overwhelming with their stories. The clients should also be aware of the procedures that lead to change. The counselor should help people realize that all behavior, even painfulRead MorePsychology And Its Effect On A Person s Actions784 Words   |  4 Pagesthat maintain or discourage specific behaviors. B.F. Skinner once stated, I am sometimes asked, ‘Do you think of yourself as you think of the organisms you study?’ The answer is yes. So far as I know, my behavior at any given moment has been nothing more than the product of my genetic endowment, my personal history, and the current setting. (Skinner, 1983). In the average college classroom, behaviorism effects students’ way of learning in that their behavior is shaped by either positive or negativeRead MoreAccounting Thesis1180 Words   |  5 Pagesmoney. The summaries of accounting education research presented by Williams et al. (1988) and Rebele et al. (1991, 1998), however, reveal that no empirical study has performed a direct assessment of accounting students’ perceptions regarding any individual accounting course. Nor has any study performed an assessment of the relationship between course perceptions and major selection. 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While some cultures have overlapping cultural behaviors or aspects, most culturesRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Young Children s Executive Function Essay1363 Words   |  6 PagesThus, they formed a hypothesis saying that compared to a slower-paced educational cartoon or self-paced activity such as drawing, a fast-paced cartoon show would have a more negative impact immediately on children’s executive functioning, a strong assessment associated with success in school. (P2, bottom left) What the researchers did was to have six 4-year-old kids randomly assigned to watch a fast paced television cartoon show or a slow paced educational cartoon show or draw for nine minutes at theRead MoreEquity Theory1421 Words   |  6 PagesEquity Theory by John Stacey Adams Equity Theory attempts to explain relational satisfaction in terms of perceptions of fair/unfair distributions of resources within interpersonal relationships. Equity theory is considered as one of the justice theories; it was first developed in 1962 by John Stacey Adams, a workplace and behavioral psychologist, who asserted that employees seek to maintain equity between the inputs that they bring to a job and the outcomes that they receive from it against theRead MorePersonality Profile Reflection Paper1743 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational behavior studies human behavior and the impact individual attitudes and actions have on performance in the workplace. To provide a personal perspective of personality characteristics, the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) assessment was used to measure aspects of my personality and how these traits relate to working with others and life within an organization. Key observations provide specific insight into how these are applied to w orkplace behavior and interactions with

Philosophy - 1451 Words

Philosophy Paper Sally Margarit Sep, 27th 2014 What is Justice? How do we know what justice is? This has been the question that we have essentially been discussing throughout all of our classes this semester. The idea that the normalities of society are the pillars for what defines what is right and what is just, is one argument that in most cases holds true. As children in our culture, we are all taught a very generic set of rules. At a very young age we learn not to harm others, steal, lie, or cheat. As children we cultivate this idea of criminals as bad people, who have somehow broken the moral code that society has so easily instilled in us as youth. However, despite societys moral code, I believe that the notion of†¦show more content†¦He argues that if something is morally unjust to begin with, it is still morally unjust even though his life is on the line. The argument is that an unjust action is simply always unjust. However, I dont believe justice to be that simple. As children we are are taught that certain things are always wrong. We learn at a very young age that killing is wrong, and in our innocent world we believe that all people who kill belong in jail. I too had that belief. I thought those who murdered belonged in jail for the rest of their lives. Last year I had the opportunity to meet with a group of 5 male prisoners who were doing life sentences for murder. Upon meeting with this group of prisoners, I and other members of my senior year ethics class were extremely judgmental. We were all strong believers in our countrys justice system and we all assumed that these men deserved to rot in prison because their actions had to have been so gravely unjust. To my surprise, these five men were probably some of the most polite and kind men I have ever met. One was as old as my grandfather, and even reminded me a lot of him. These men were convicted murderers. They had taken life in vain, but I am not sure I myself can condemn all their actions to be so terribly unjust. One by one they each humbly told us their stories. All 5 of them had been convicted before the age of 18. They were just kids when they were convicted to be societys scum and were confined toShow MoreRelatedThe Philosophy Of Philosophy And Philosophy998 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy is the attempt at answering or understanding the questions that the being who is philosophizing yearns to know or wishes to understand. The importance of what the philosopher wishes to know or understand is not a determinate factor in what it means to do philosophy. The act of doing philosophy is not defined by the subject of examination but by the driving passion of knowing and understanding. This means that an individual that wishes to know why a laptop is a laptop or why is it thatRead MorePhilosophy : Philosophy And Philosophy1292 Words   |  6 Pages As a student at Richland college, I have never studied philosophy before, and I have heard very bizarre claims about what philosophy is. For that reason, I wanted to take a philosophy class so I can learn more about it. Due to lack of knowledge, I used to think philosophy as involving a kind of mystical significant, sometimes resulting from observing problems without solutions. In addition, sometimes I accustomed that philosophy is nothing more than a name that does nothing more than feelingsRead MorePhilosophy : Philosophy And Philosophy1035 Words   |  5 Pages As a student in Richland college, I have never studied philosophy before, and I have heard very bizarre claims about what philosophy is. For that reason, I wanted to take a philosophy class so I can learn more about it. Due to lack of knowledge, I used to think philosophy as involving a kind of mystical significant, sometimes resulting from observing problems without solutions. In addition, sometimes I accustomed that philosophy is nothing more than a name that does nothing more than feelings ofRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Philosophy And Philosophy1451 Words   |  6 Pages Philosophy is recognized by the questions being asked, and the methods used to answer them. These questions are usually the ones that are open-ended, abstract, or the ones that lead to controversial answers. Due to the openness in philosophy, the uncertainty, there is not just one viewpoint that is completely accepted by all to be true. This leads to many disputes and conversations that are ultimately driven by th e core of philosophy, which is its latin translation, the love of wisdom. Now, theRead MorePhilosophy And Philosophy Of Philosophy Essay2033 Words   |  9 PagesWhat is philosophy? 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We often ask questions, which in turn led us to the discovery of the discipline of philosophy. The primary reason for philosophy is to gainRead MorePhilosophy And Its Importance Of Philosophy861 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy and Its Importance Doing philosophy as many philosophers demonstrate over time and in the present is to simply question the understanding of what is known and not known or accepted and unaccepted. This is to say, that philosophers must question all aspects of life and all the surrounding dimensions of the world. In doing so, the philosopher is trying to grasp a firmer or different understanding of the truth that is either presently or not presently known; whether comforting or not comfortingRead MorePlato, Philosophy, And Philosophy929 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Plato is philosophy, and philosophy, Plato.† – Ralph Waldo Emerson. 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Being educated in the environment of medieval philosophy, specifically in the school of Jesuits, Descartes received the system of scholastic philosophy as his foundation for making a new startRead MorePhilosophy624 Words   |  3 PagesSurname Instructor Course Date Survey of Mexican Philosophical Thought The philosophy of the Mexicans is a production of philosophers from ancestries from Mexico, residing either within or outside the country. The general philosophy surfaced with the introduction of the first school by the Spanish conquerors, with teaching and publications on philosophical treaties. As such, it is critical to deny that these thinkers got education from the European schools, making it quite impossible

Book Review Courtesans and Fishcakes - 1251 Words

Courtesans and Fishcakes written by James Davidson explore the ancient Greek culture of the Athenians and elaborate on not only the desire for sex, but the appetites of life. Author James Davidson is a professor in the Department of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Warwick. In his biography, it says that he is a regular contributor to the London Review of Book and the author of the award winning The Greeks and Greek Love. Courtesans and Fishcakes is divided into four parts: Feasts, Desire, The Citizen, and The City. Within each part of the book, there are multiple sub-sections that go into depth about the particular section of each ‘chapter’. In Part I: Feasts, Davidson goes into some background of the ancient Greek†¦show more content†¦Personally, I think this is brilliant insight to the Athenian culture. It makes sense to watch and monitor the behaviors of the people around you because their everyday manners and behaviors are distinct indicato rs to how they live the rest of their life outside of the ‘feasts’. As Davidson explains it, â€Å"†¦ Ancient texts do more than inform us about Ancient desires. They do more than provide us with samples of the ancient discourse of desires.† The next topic that Davidson nicely delivers the reader insight to is the act of drinking. He states, â€Å"One drinks while one eats and one always eats with others; a narrow sociality oversees the pleasures of food†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I had to carefully read and re-read this paragraph to understand the brilliant meaning behind it. As I continued reading, I began to understand that the act of drinking wine has always been one to socialize. It was to strike up conversation and this quote means exactly that, with those who eat, drink, and become social. Once again, I think this a perfect quote to support Davidson’s argument because it emphasizes that drinking was a social act. This also means that anything else besides being social while drinking was a direct indicator that one might have little self-control and be a threat to the democracy. Davidson says, â€Å"... words join water in diluting the wine whose proper role is to facilitate conversation.† This is to emphasize t hat when this does notShow MoreRelatedThe Appetite Of Classical Athens1763 Words   |  8 Pagessacrifice and is a regular contributor to The London Review of Books, The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph and the Sunday Times. He has just published The Greeks and The Greeks Love for Weidenfeld and is currently working on a translation of some Attic speeches for Penguin Classics. James Davidson’s first book, Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passion of Classical Athens was published in 1997 and will be the book we will talk about throughout this review. Davidson takes us inside the minds of classical

Understanding Cross National Human Resource Management

Question: Task 1: The manager of a company complains that the management information systems (MIS) continually fails to produce the appropriate information at the right time. The person responsible for MIS responds by blaming the inadequate data and information flow within the company and request a review of data and information flow 1- Describe the distinction between information, information systems and ICT management. 2- Describe some of the main activity systems to be found in a typical business. 3- State six factors which influence the flow of information and data within an organisation. 4- With the aid of appropriate examples, explain the difference between formal and informal information flow. 5- Explain why human decision-making is satisficing rather than rational and discuss the consequences of this for MIS, DSS and EIS. 6- Explain what is meant by a transaction and why it is important in the context of an information system. 7- With the aid of examples, describe three techniques which could be used to review the current information flows. Task 2: A manager uses a bespoke application which cannot produce reports in the exact format required but does allow the export of information to a spreadsheet. The manager uses this facility to export the information, improves the layout of the information and produces several graphs. This takes her several days. On presenting the reports to colleagues she is questioned over the accuracy of the information as many figures appear to be out of date. 1- What is the purpose of a management information system? 2- Why is such a system required by managers of an organisation? 3- Give examples of the use of a MIS within and state its purpose. 4- Describe how this problem may be overcome by using MIS. Task 3: Information systems are capable of producing strategic, tactical and operational level information. With the aid of examples, explain the difference between these three levels of information, clearly stating the level of personnel involved in using each one. Answer: Distinction between information, information systems and ICT management Information The data of any form and by any means either through collection, research, analysis or perception can be called as information. It could of relational connection between various sources. Information System The data base which stores the information either in a program or a system is called as an information system. The normal usage of the ICT was to provide an automation technology or supplant all or parts of the existing activities and systems. This has been explained in detail as to what are the different methods to view ICT as an agency to innovate new forms of activity system. ICT had a positive impact on individuals and especially on myself as it provides a huge provision to the different types of sources of information which are teamed together by growth of the internet. There are many advantageous aspects like new opportunities for learning and leisure, online tutorials through which I have benefitted a lot by exploring new subjects through virtual reality. I have learnt a lot of self-directed tools with the manuals provided and by stand - alone systems where I have personally overcame a lot of inhibitions in terms of learning because software tenability has become a more dependent way of learning (Budhwar, P.S., Sparrow, P. R. 2002a). Describe some of the main activity systems to be found in a typical business IT enables the business enterprise to establish and maintain all the potential contacts with its potential customers through buying processes. Electronic Kiosks, Multimedia Machines, Internet tools for maintaining banking and financial products, Single Window service are all useful for maintaining electronic contact mediums for the customers. State six factors which influence the flow of information and data within an organization There are different dimensions which can change the way the data flows between various sources or different points and in turn they can enhance or hinder the information flow activities like time constraints, cost constraints, computer - based random sampling method, questionnaires which can be used to gather data and redistribute between other departments, Organizational policies and procedures. The information characteristics dimension depends on subjectivity, timelines, details and methodologies which are generally adapted and implemented. Fig 1: The Study Model With the aid of appropriate examples, explain the difference between formal and informal information flow Information flows between various points and there are different ways in which the information flows can be explained in detail. Most of the Organizations have different ways of obtaining data and they also have different ways documenting the given information. As an example we can also consider the knowledge sharing resources which are used by inter departments for various uses in the projects can also be considered into this category. For instance the use of computerized systems like the information in knowledge banks or data houses where the data designs, tables, relationships, reports are linked with the structure, intranet, project reports, meetings and presentations. Informal information flow has no order or structure like the traceability however it might still consist of some useful information. Instances of this type could be informal meetings, telephone calls, memos, notice boards or coffee in corridors (Hofstede, G. (1980). Explain why human decision-making is satisficing rather than rational and discuss the consequences of this for MIS, DSS and EIS. Advances in communication and technology have changed the way in which the business is performed by changing how people meet and communicate and in making group decisions related to many other technologies in the world. The technological changes help most of the people across the physical, social, technological and psychological boundaries about the other secondary effects which might take place due to rational decision making. Human decision making is better is because it involves various types of discussions like group meetings, face to face which might turn out to be flaming because of some outspoken people but would still be friendly because of the proximity with the management who can take quick decisions. This becomes more a conventional method of decision making. This leads to other advantages like redistribution of work time, reallocation of resources depending on the urgency of work and it increases in complexity of group organizations and in turn creates a greater impact on the Organizations (Drucker, P. F., 1977). The consequences of human decision making over the rational methods might have some implications or consequences on MIS, DSS and EIS where the emergence of EIS provides an opportunity to change the situation. The role and research which was conducted by the senior executives still allows the management to conduct their normal activities by using MIS, DSS and EIS. Transaction and why it is important in the context of an information system Any amount of data which is shared between various environments is encountered by various agents and all of them run on a specific semantic model. All these transactions are performed on the basis of trust which relies on a central data base. This consists of scalable data structures and algorithms which require no central control however is formed on the base of an inter connection between various agents. In a way this becomes the platform for most of the transactions in an information system (Mezirow, J 1997). With the aid of examples, describe three techniques which could be used to review the current information flows For single databases there are different types of primary hindrances for end user access which provide access to various volumes of data which is becoming available and which is used in order to analyze and interpret the different types of data. If we consider an example of combing different types of data there is a major mismatch with the implementation strategy especially in terms of representation in various structures. This is one example where we could consider sources of intelligent and active use of information requires a class of software modules which mediate between different workstations, applications and data bases. Various techniques are used like mediation simplifies, abstracts, reduces, merges which explain the flow of data Task 2 Purpose of a management information system Information systems are needed for recording transactions between an organization and its environment as well as in the management of relationships with external stakeholders. The data base which stores the information either in a program or a system is called as an information system. It is also an approach which is used to create architecture based on the use of services like web services which use small functions for producing and validating a customer related data by using simple analytical services. The Service oriented architecture based principles are convenient to use and they are not to be termed as complex. Service oriented architecture has the ability to leverage its services between various applications (Kathleen, 2011). Why is such a system required by managers of an organization? These different styles possess of different independent principles like an overview, the critical principles, major benefits and application which helps to choose the appropriate architectural styles for the application. Some of these styles describe the structure and design issues and others describe communication factors. The models which describe a combination would be useful for describing the structure and design of the systems ( Give examples of the use of a MIS within and state its purpose Management Information Systems have various applications in the retail industry. MIS is the systematic use of technology and people to manage the flow of information. In retail MIS is used ofor point of sale data collection, logistics, inventory control and internal communication which affects the retail operations and marketing. Describe how this problem may be overcome by using MIS MIS is organized for functional areas of an organization. The systems are typically organized for functional areas of an organization. It helps integrate the financial information from multiple sources. It provides easy access to financial information in a summarized form. It also enables the financial analysis using easy easy access. It has a no. of sub systems which is used to analyze revenue, costs, profits and auditing systems which is used to manage funds .s Task 3 Difference between these three levels of information Organizational control involves using strategy, tactics and operational oversight to monitor and improve company processes. Organizations are built with the goal of profitability of processes. A tactic is a method intended to fulfill a specific objective in the context of the overall plan. Operational control regulates day to day output relative to schedules, specifications and costs (TF Online, 2013). Task 4 Tescos corporate strategy is to devise the functional areas and devise the department based specific strategies to ensure their objectives are achieved (Wiley, J.W., 2000). They believe that their vision drives their business by embedding their values throughout their strategic planning process. TESCO has reached a market share of about 30% in the UK almost the same as Sainsburys and ASDA in combination. TESCO has greatly diversified business with extended lines into food, non food, clothing, financial services and tele communications. TESCO has started as a mid chain however Sainsburys had a bigger market share and was the market leader even when it started of initially (Heaacademy, Inc; n.d.). 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